Legal Straits

In the ongoing battle over Fisk University’s Alfred Stieglitz Collection, the university last week suffered a stunning, if not entirely unexpected, legal defeat. Davidson County Chancellor Ellen Hobbs Lyle ruled that Fisk may not sell any of the artworks in the collection. Lyle did, however, suggest a path out of the legal morass, but whether the university heeds it remains to be seen.

Fisk has spent the past year-and-a-half paying attorney fees it can ill afford, seeking from the state attorney general and Davidson County Chancery Court the legal right to sell two stars of its Stieglitz Collection: Georgia O’Keeffe’s “Radiator Building—Night, New York” and Marsden Hartley’s “Painting No. 3.” O’Keeffe assigned both paintings—along with 99 other works—to Fisk in 1949, when she was settling the estate of her late husband, the famed photographer and collector Alfred Stieglitz. The university wants to sell them to pull itself out of financial free fall.

The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, which represents the interests of O’Keeffe’s estate, challenged the university’s freedom to sell, citing, in particular, correspondence between O’Keeffe and then-Fisk president Charles S. Johnson. In the letters, O’Keeffe specifies that the collection “will be exhibited intact” and that the university “will not at any time sell or exchange any of the objects in the Stieglitz Collection,” conditions to which Johnson readily agreed.

Lyle went down the line with the museum. She ruled that Fisk’s “aggressive plan to treat the individual artworks of the Collection as commodities to generate revenue, especially the plan to sell Radiator Building, the signature piece of the Collection, is antithetical to and in disregard of the special identity and effect of the display of the Collection as a whole for the public to study modern art at Fisk.”

In its petition to sell, Fisk acknowledges that O’Keeffe imposed these conditions. But the university claims that obeying them places a heavy financial burden, in the form of gallery staff, security, environmental controls and conservation. Financial stability for the university comes first, Fisk argues.

Museums often deaccession art, but in standard curatorial practice the revenue goes back to the collection. There’s also precedent for modifying conditions attached to a gift that are impossible or impractical to comply with because of changing circumstances. The Barnes Collection will move to Philadelphia from a suburb despite the stipulation by donor Albert Barnes that the artworks must “remain in exactly the places they are” in the museum he built. In recent years, the Barnes Foundation has struggled financially and the suburb has tightened restrictions on the number of visitors. So the court determined that the collection could move—cushioned by $150 million from Philadelphia foundations—to advance Barnes’ primary purpose to teach working-class people and African Americans to appreciate and understand art.

Fisk’s stated intention, however, is to use the bulk of the tens of millions the two paintings could bring for purposes other than its art collection: to replenish its endowment, establish chairs in business, math and science, and provide seed money for a new science building. Only $570,000 would go to renovate the Van Vechten Gallery, where the collection was displayed before being placed in storage.

This issue of whether the modification of conditions attached to a gift ultimately advances the purpose for which the gift was made lies at the heart of Lyle’s ruling. In her decision she writes that “the purpose of the donation of the art”—as expressed in Stieglitz’s will and subsequent statements by O’Keeffe—“was educational: to provide the public access to the Collection to promote the study of art.” Lyle points out the “absence from these sources [of] any reference that Ms. O’Keeffe or her husband sought to help the University financially or assure the accomplishment of its mission.”

Lyle also states that “the only conclusion a reasonable person can reach is that it is the Collection as a whole, not the individual artworks, which accomplishes the educational purpose specified at the time of the donation and that the donation was not given to Fisk to use as a source of revenue.” Thus the sale of any objects in the collection would not enhance O’Keeffe’s purpose but undermine it.